Using the Technology Acceptance Model to Understand the Use of Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) to Classroom

In today’s world, the technology has been embedded in all aspects of human life. The education sector has been at the forefront of technology adoption. Technology-enhanced learning (TEL) is a system of education that promotes the application of information and communication technology for teaching and learning and the concept of “bring your own device” (BYOD) supports this. BYOD is particularly beneficial for the education sector due to cost saving and comfort of using personal devices. Researchers believe that inclusion of technology must be supported by the user acceptance and the most popular framework to predict user acceptance of technology is the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) proposed by Davis. The paper describes the study conducted for the purpose of predicting the acceptance and utilization of BYOD by the college students based on TAM variables of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, attitude towards using, and behavioral intention to use. Additional external variables of teachers’ influence, facilitating conditions and peer influence are adopted to study the user acceptance of BYOD. A questionnaire based on the TAM variables was developed and used to gather information from students of a post graduate course in information technology of an Indian university. The results of analysis suggest that the considered variables have an impact on the overall behavioral intention to use BYOD and thus support the original findings of TAM. Deepshikha Aggarwal


Introduction
The education system around the world is becoming more and more dependent on information and communication technology (ICT). In the application of ICT in education, one and use their own devices instead of depending on the devices provided by the school/ college. The adoption of bring your own device in the education sector can be motivated by two factors i.e. (a) cost cutting and (b) adaptation of technology. The cost saving due to students bringing their own devices is a big factor to motivate the educational institutes to promote BYOD. Though most of the students these days own personal electronic devices but financial constraints may exist for some of them. The educational institutes may implement certain policies for support such as enabling subsidized purchase of devices for economically weaker students. The second factor of technology adoption is equally important. It is easier to keep a track of studies if using the same device in school and home. The concept of BYOD is already very popular in the business sector and its advantages have been well understood. Now, a number of educational institutions are considering BYOD due to the benefits it can offer to classroom learning [1]. Bring your own Device is a relatively new trend and its advantages and disadvantages are being explored to understand its implementation in both the business and education sectors. On one hand, BYOD brings many benefits to the effective classroom learning, but there are many concerns associated with its implementation that leave many educational institutions pondering whether or not BYOD should actually be promoted.
There have been continuous attempts to include technology in education by educationists [2]. There has been a tremendous increase in technology supported education. But there remains a great challenge in integrating technology in education as there is a lack of proper methods for prediction of utilization and acceptance of technology.
Integrating technology with education does not only mean that the students use electronic devices for learning but it is only possible if the teaching methodology is modified to embrace technology enabled learning.

Technology acceptance model (TAM)
TAM was introduced by Davis in 1986 [3]. It is a model that has been used by various researchers for the prediction of the possible acceptance of developments in information technology by prospective users. TAM is used to explain the factors that influence the computer acceptance of end-user regarding the usage of the new computing technologies. The traditional TAM model includes two basic factors of Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU). Perceived Usefulness is indicated as the prospective user's perception that the use of a particular information system will be useful for their tasks. It is the degree to which a person believes that using a certain technology would enhance his or her job performance. Perceived Ease of Use indicates the level to which the prospective user expects the specific information system to be effortless [4]. PEOU is defined as the degree to which a person believes that learning and adapting the use of a new technology would be easy. The users may also be affected by various other factors such as the peer group influence during their decision to choose computer systems which are considered as the external variables of TAM.
In the context of BYOD, PU and PEOU are the key factors in determining the acceptance of technology in the process of teaching and learning. The TAM hypothesis indicates the PU and PEOU as the major determinants of the user acceptance. This hypothesis is based on the fact that the people prefer to accept the usage an application when it is useful in performing their tasks. When we consider adoption of technology in teaching and learning then for a teacher, the use of technology in the classroom is perceived as useful when a teacher believes that using the particular technology will help to improve their teaching [5]. Some people are highly motivated towards adopting new technologies may sometimes underestimate the difficulties that may be accompanied [6].

Studies on educational technology using TAM
The TAM as shown in Fig. 1 is an effective theoretical model that has been used in researches to study the acceptance of technology in the education sector.
The main idea of TAM is to determine the factors responsible for acceptance of technology by the users. These are determined by their intention to use a new system which is taken as a variable called Behavioural Intention to Use (BIU). The BIU is determined by the PU and PEOU [2]. In BYOD, the BIU signifies the extent to which the students and teachers plan to use or not to use their own personal devices for learning related activities. The attitude towards using a technology also plays a significant role in determining the user acceptance for technology. TAM considers that the users develop a positive attitude towards accepting technology when they consider it to be useful for them (PU) and easy to learn and use (PEOU) [7]. Based on TAM, it has been hypothesised that the actual use of a system (AU) by a user is directly or indirectly influenced by the behavioural intention to use (BIU), attitude towards using (ATU), perceived usefulness of the system (PU) and perceived ease to use of the system (PEOU) [8]. Many researchers have given modified versions of TAM to accommodate different factors that are assumed to be influencing the user acceptance of technology. Studies [1] also have been conducted in the education field application of TAM to include factors like perceived enjoyment in order to examine its impact on students' attitude and students' intention to adopt electronic learning. A few researchers have also taken into consideration the influence of different referent groups on users' acceptance of technology.
Researchers [9] have also worked using TAM on predicting the students' acceptance of podcasting as an effective tool for education. TAM is adopted in this

Application of TAM in BYOD
Lot of developments have happened in education sector in recent years. The educational institutions have realised the importance of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). The ICT enables them to perform their operations in a much better way [11]. There have been numerous technological advancements in the education sector that makes teaching and learning more effective. To take the complete advantage of this technology integration with education, the students need an uninterrupted access to computing devices. Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) in the classroom means that the students will carry their own devices like laptops, tablets and smartphones to the class and use their own devices instead of depending on the devices provided by the school/ college. This enables the students to have access to technology at all times. The implementation of BYOD in the educational sector cannot be generalized as there are specific issues related to regulations by the governments and university systems which vary across different countries and regions. There are infrastructural requirements that have to be identified and implemented for an effective implementation of BYOD. There are financial constraints and internal rules and regulations of the educational institutions that need to be addressed. Today, the computing devices are quite affordable and the development of mobile technologies makes the usage of devices possible anywhere anytime. This acts as a motivation for students to buy and bring their own devices to college.
Technology enhanced learning is an area of interest for the researchers in educational technology. They are keen to determine if BYOD would provide an added advantage for the education sector in adoption of technology. TAM has been used in various sectors for prediction of user acceptance of technology and through this study we are trying to establish if TAM can also be applied in the context of BYOD.
The following TAM variables are used for predicting the acceptance of BYOD:

1) Perceived usefulness
Perceived usefulness of BYOD indicates the ease of access to learning resources to students if they use their personal devices in college. The computing devices are the sources that enable the students to access the learning content anytime and anywhere, thus giving them the facility for personalised learning. Studies (Valk, Ahmed & Laurent 2010) have suggested that the mobile devices are not only useful for increased access to learning resources, but also have positive impacts on overall educational outcomes of the institutions. Personal devices are also useful for teachers and students as they allow them to utilize their free time in the campus more effectively.

2) Perceived ease of Use
The second TAM variable is perceived ease of use (PEOU). The devices owned by the students are easier to operate as they are used to these devices. The students can customize the screens and can select and downloads apps and resources as per their personal requirements and preferences. Using personal devices also enables the students to download content from the internet whenever required and they can

3) Attitude towards use (ATU)
A user will actually start using technology if he/ she has the attitude towards usage of that particular technology. Therefore, it is important to predict the attitude of users while using TAM for prediction of technology acceptance. The attitude influences the Behavioral Intention to Use (BIU) the technology and ultimately predicts the actual use.

Research model and hypothesis
TAM is used to predict the users' perception and intention towards acceptance of a new technology [5]. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) has been designed to demonstrate the factors that affect the acceptance and use of a technology. TAM can be applied before adoption of a new technology so that the utilization of the technology can be done in a better way. The theoretical model of TAM is built on the assumption that when the users are presented with a new technology the major factors that influence their decision to accept it are Perceived Usefulness, Perceived ease of use and attitude towards using the technology. A Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) policy means that students and staff are allowed to bring their own devices such as tablets, laptops, and smartphones for use within the classroom for learning activities and facilitating the faculty in preparing their lessons. There are some external factors also that influence the acceptance of the BYOD model of education. Hypothesis was formulated after considering the following external variables:

Research method
A questionnaire was developed for data collection from post graduate college students able 1 shows a Questionnaire. The study was quantitative in nature and various questions were designed to study the relationship between the TAM variables proposed in the current study. The research instrument contained 20 items related to TAM variables. It incorporated a five-point Likert response scale ranging from "strongly disagree (1)" to "strongly agree (5)". Table 1: Questionnaire Attitude Towards Using (ATU) 1 It is a good idea to bring my own devices to college ATU1 2 My learning will be more enjoyable if I use my own devices in classroom ATU2 3 Using my own devices will have a positive impact on my education. ATU3 Perceived Ease of use (PEOU) 4 It is easier to use my own devices PEOU1 5 It is easy to complete my projects and assignments on my own devices. PEOU2 6 I will have flexibility of working at my own pace if I bring my own devices to college.

PEOU3
Perceived Usefulness (PU) 7 Using my own devices helps me get better grades. PU1 8 Using my own devices makes me accomplish tasks quickly PU2 9 Using my own devices makes my work easier. PU3 Teachers' Influence (TI) 10 My teachers encourage me to bring my own devices to college. TI1 11 The teaching methodology of my teachers supports using electronic devices in the process of learning.

TI2
12 The usage of personal devices by teachers motivates me to take my own devices to class.

TI3
Facilitating Conditions (FC) 13 Wi-Fi connectivity on the campus encourages me to use my own devices. FC1 14 LAN ports available all over the classrooms and campus facilitates using my own devices.

FC2
15 I need to be confident about the security of college network in order to use my own devices in campus.

Data collection
The data used for the study is collected by means of the questionnaires filled by the students of MCA (Masters in Computer Application), a 3 year post graduate course in information technology. The questionnaires were distributed to 130 students out of which 117 returned the filled questionnaires Table 2 shows the data demographics..

Hypothesis testing
In order to test the hypothesis, the correlation analysis was conducted in R to examine the relationship between the TAM variables and on the basis of the analysis it was decided whether to accept or reject the hypotheses Table 3 shows the correlation between TAM variables..

Conclusion
The integration of personal computing devices like laptops, tablets and smartphones into our daily lives has brought a revolution in the process of how we communicate with the world and access information. The education sector has infused these devices into the teaching and learning processes. The inception of these devices along with the mobile communication technologies like Wi-Fi and 4G makes the information revolution even more powerful and omnipresent in the lives of students and teachers alike. The education sector is currently experiencing a digital wave that supports technology based classroom learning. Bring your own device (BYOD) is a policy that brings the students closer to technology and makes them understand that the digital revolution is not just about social networking and entertainment but it has a major role in enhancing the learning and knowledge sharing processes. This study has used the TAM to predict the acceptance of BYOD among the college students in Delhi, India. The statistical analysis conducted using correlation indicates that the results of the current study are consistent with the original TAM model. The study indicates that when the Perceived ease of use increases, the perceived usefulness increases accordingly which develops a positive attitude towards utilizing the technology.
In this study we added certain external variables to the original TAM to measure students' behavioral intention to implement BYOD. These variables are Teachers' influence, Facilitating conditions and Peer influence that are used as supporting variables to apply TAM to BYOD model of education. An important observation of the study is the role of facilitating conditions like the internet connectivity in the campus and an efficient IT infrastructure in the successful implementation of a BYOD model of learning. Therefore, with the help of this study we have successfully implemented the